ECMAScript® 2024 Language Specification

Draft ECMA-262 / February 15, 2024

13.15 Assignment Operators

Syntax

AssignmentExpression[In, Yield, Await] : ConditionalExpression[?In, ?Yield, ?Await] [+Yield] YieldExpression[?In, ?Await] ArrowFunction[?In, ?Yield, ?Await] AsyncArrowFunction[?In, ?Yield, ?Await] LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield, ?Await] = AssignmentExpression[?In, ?Yield, ?Await] LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield, ?Await] AssignmentOperator AssignmentExpression[?In, ?Yield, ?Await] LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield, ?Await] &&= AssignmentExpression[?In, ?Yield, ?Await] LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield, ?Await] ||= AssignmentExpression[?In, ?Yield, ?Await] LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield, ?Await] ??= AssignmentExpression[?In, ?Yield, ?Await] AssignmentOperator : one of *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= >>>= &= ^= |= **=

13.15.1 Static Semantics: Early Errors

AssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression = AssignmentExpression

If LeftHandSideExpression is either an ObjectLiteral or an ArrayLiteral, the following Early Error rules are applied:

If LeftHandSideExpression is neither an ObjectLiteral nor an ArrayLiteral, the following Early Error rule is applied:

AssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression AssignmentOperator AssignmentExpression LeftHandSideExpression &&= AssignmentExpression LeftHandSideExpression ||= AssignmentExpression LeftHandSideExpression ??= AssignmentExpression

13.15.2 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation

AssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression = AssignmentExpression
  1. If LeftHandSideExpression is neither an ObjectLiteral nor an ArrayLiteral, then
    1. Let lref be ? Evaluation of LeftHandSideExpression.
    2. If IsAnonymousFunctionDefinition(AssignmentExpression) and IsIdentifierRef of LeftHandSideExpression are both true, then
      1. Let rval be ? NamedEvaluation of AssignmentExpression with argument lref.[[ReferencedName]].
    3. Else,
      1. Let rref be ? Evaluation of AssignmentExpression.
      2. Let rval be ? GetValue(rref).
    4. Perform ? PutValue(lref, rval).
    5. Return rval.
  2. Let assignmentPattern be the AssignmentPattern that is covered by LeftHandSideExpression.
  3. Let rref be ? Evaluation of AssignmentExpression.
  4. Let rval be ? GetValue(rref).
  5. Perform ? DestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of assignmentPattern with argument rval.
  6. Return rval.
 AssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression AssignmentOperator AssignmentExpression
  1. Let lref be ? Evaluation of LeftHandSideExpression.
  2. Let lval be ? GetValue(lref).
  3. Let rref be ? Evaluation of AssignmentExpression.
  4. Let rval be ? GetValue(rref).
  5. Let assignmentOpText be the source text matched by AssignmentOperator.
  6. Let opText be the sequence of Unicode code points associated with assignmentOpText in the following table:
    assignmentOpText opText
    **= **
    *= *
    /= /
    %= %
    += +
    -= -
    <<= <<
    >>= >>
    >>>= >>>
    &= &
    ^= ^
    |= |
  7. Let r be ? ApplyStringOrNumericBinaryOperator(lval, opText, rval).
  8. Perform ? PutValue(lref, r).
  9. Return r.
 AssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression &&= AssignmentExpression
  1. Let lref be ? Evaluation of LeftHandSideExpression.
  2. Let lval be ? GetValue(lref).
  3. Let lbool be ToBoolean(lval).
  4. If lbool is false, return lval.
  5. If IsAnonymousFunctionDefinition(AssignmentExpression) is true and IsIdentifierRef of LeftHandSideExpression is true, then
    1. Let rval be ? NamedEvaluation of AssignmentExpression with argument lref.[[ReferencedName]].
  6. Else,
    1. Let rref be ? Evaluation of AssignmentExpression.
    2. Let rval be ? GetValue(rref).
  7. Perform ? PutValue(lref, rval).
  8. Return rval.
 AssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression ||= AssignmentExpression
  1. Let lref be ? Evaluation of LeftHandSideExpression.
  2. Let lval be ? GetValue(lref).
  3. Let lbool be ToBoolean(lval).
  4. If lbool is true, return lval.
  5. If IsAnonymousFunctionDefinition(AssignmentExpression) is true and IsIdentifierRef of LeftHandSideExpression is true, then
    1. Let rval be ? NamedEvaluation of AssignmentExpression with argument lref.[[ReferencedName]].
  6. Else,
    1. Let rref be ? Evaluation of AssignmentExpression.
    2. Let rval be ? GetValue(rref).
  7. Perform ? PutValue(lref, rval).
  8. Return rval.
 AssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression ??= AssignmentExpression
  1. Let lref be ? Evaluation of LeftHandSideExpression.
  2. Let lval be ? GetValue(lref).
  3. If lval is neither undefined nor null, return lval.
  4. If IsAnonymousFunctionDefinition(AssignmentExpression) is true and IsIdentifierRef of LeftHandSideExpression is true, then
    1. Let rval be ? NamedEvaluation of AssignmentExpression with argument lref.[[ReferencedName]].
  5. Else,
    1. Let rref be ? Evaluation of AssignmentExpression.
    2. Let rval be ? GetValue(rref).
  6. Perform ? PutValue(lref, rval).
  7. Return rval.
 Note

When this expression occurs within strict mode code, it is a runtime error if lref in step 1.d, 2, 2, 2, 2 is an unresolvable reference. If it is, a ReferenceError exception is thrown. Additionally, it is a runtime error if the lref in step 8, 7, 7, 6 is a reference to a data property with the attribute value { [[Writable]]: false }, to an accessor property with the attribute value { [[Set]]: undefined }, or to a non-existent property of an object for which the IsExtensible predicate returns the value false. In these cases a TypeError exception is thrown.

13.15.3 ApplyStringOrNumericBinaryOperator ( lval, opText, rval )

The abstract operation ApplyStringOrNumericBinaryOperator takes arguments lval (an ECMAScript language value), opText (**, *, /, %, +, -, <<, >>, >>>, &, ^, or |), and rval (an ECMAScript language value) and returns either a normal completion containing either a String, a BigInt, or a Number, or a throw completion. It performs the following steps when called:

  1. If opText is +, then
    1. Let lprim be ? ToPrimitive(lval).
    2. Let rprim be ? ToPrimitive(rval).
    3. If lprim is a String or rprim is a String, then
      1. Let lstr be ? ToString(lprim).
      2. Let rstr be ? ToString(rprim).
      3. Return the string-concatenation of lstr and rstr.
    4. Set lval to lprim.
    5. Set rval to rprim.
  2. NOTE: At this point, it must be a numeric operation.
  3. Let lnum be ? ToNumeric(lval).
  4. Let rnum be ? ToNumeric(rval).
  5. If Type(lnum) is not Type(rnum), throw a TypeError exception.
  6. If lnum is a BigInt, then
    1. If opText is **, return ? BigInt::exponentiate(lnum, rnum).
    2. If opText is /, return ? BigInt::divide(lnum, rnum).
    3. If opText is %, return ? BigInt::remainder(lnum, rnum).
    4. If opText is >>>, return ? BigInt::unsignedRightShift(lnum, rnum).
  7. Let operation be the abstract operation associated with opText and Type(lnum) in the following table:
    opText Type(lnum) operation
    ** Number Number::exponentiate
    * Number Number::multiply
    * BigInt BigInt::multiply
    / Number Number::divide
    % Number Number::remainder
    + Number Number::add
    + BigInt BigInt::add
    - Number Number::subtract
    - BigInt BigInt::subtract
    << Number Number::leftShift
    << BigInt BigInt::leftShift
    >> Number Number::signedRightShift
    >> BigInt BigInt::signedRightShift
    >>> Number Number::unsignedRightShift
    & Number Number::bitwiseAND
    & BigInt BigInt::bitwiseAND
    ^ Number Number::bitwiseXOR
    ^ BigInt BigInt::bitwiseXOR
    | Number Number::bitwiseOR
    | BigInt BigInt::bitwiseOR
  8. Return operation(lnum, rnum).
 Note 1

No hint is provided in the calls to ToPrimitive in steps 1.a and 1.b. All standard objects except Dates handle the absence of a hint as if number were given; Dates handle the absence of a hint as if string were given. Exotic objects may handle the absence of a hint in some other manner.

 Note 2

Step 1.c differs from step 3 of the IsLessThan algorithm, by using the logical-or operation instead of the logical-and operation.

13.15.4 EvaluateStringOrNumericBinaryExpression ( leftOperand, opText, rightOperand )

The abstract operation EvaluateStringOrNumericBinaryExpression takes arguments leftOperand (a Parse Node), opText (a sequence of Unicode code points), and rightOperand (a Parse Node) and returns either a normal completion containing either a String, a BigInt, or a Number, or an abrupt completion. It performs the following steps when called:

  1. Let lref be ? Evaluation of leftOperand.
  2. Let lval be ? GetValue(lref).
  3. Let rref be ? Evaluation of rightOperand.
  4. Let rval be ? GetValue(rref).
  5. Return ? ApplyStringOrNumericBinaryOperator(lval, opText, rval).

13.15.5 Destructuring Assignment

Supplemental Syntax

In certain circumstances when processing an instance of the production
AssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression = AssignmentExpression
the interpretation of LeftHandSideExpression is refined using the following grammar:

AssignmentPattern[Yield, Await] : ObjectAssignmentPattern[?Yield, ?Await] ArrayAssignmentPattern[?Yield, ?Await] ObjectAssignmentPattern[Yield, Await] : { } { AssignmentRestProperty[?Yield, ?Await] } { AssignmentPropertyList[?Yield, ?Await] } { AssignmentPropertyList[?Yield, ?Await] , AssignmentRestProperty[?Yield, ?Await]opt } ArrayAssignmentPattern[Yield, Await] : [ Elisionopt AssignmentRestElement[?Yield, ?Await]opt ] [ AssignmentElementList[?Yield, ?Await] ] [ AssignmentElementList[?Yield, ?Await] , Elisionopt AssignmentRestElement[?Yield, ?Await]opt ] AssignmentRestProperty[Yield, Await] : ... DestructuringAssignmentTarget[?Yield, ?Await] AssignmentPropertyList[Yield, Await] : AssignmentProperty[?Yield, ?Await] AssignmentPropertyList[?Yield, ?Await] , AssignmentProperty[?Yield, ?Await] AssignmentElementList[Yield, Await] : AssignmentElisionElement[?Yield, ?Await] AssignmentElementList[?Yield, ?Await] , AssignmentElisionElement[?Yield, ?Await] AssignmentElisionElement[Yield, Await] : Elisionopt AssignmentElement[?Yield, ?Await] AssignmentProperty[Yield, Await] : IdentifierReference[?Yield, ?Await] Initializer[+In, ?Yield, ?Await]opt PropertyName[?Yield, ?Await] : AssignmentElement[?Yield, ?Await] AssignmentElement[Yield, Await] : DestructuringAssignmentTarget[?Yield, ?Await] Initializer[+In, ?Yield, ?Await]opt AssignmentRestElement[Yield, Await] : ... DestructuringAssignmentTarget[?Yield, ?Await] DestructuringAssignmentTarget[Yield, Await] : LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield, ?Await]

13.15.5.1 Static Semantics: Early Errors

AssignmentProperty : IdentifierReference Initializeropt AssignmentRestProperty : ... DestructuringAssignmentTarget DestructuringAssignmentTarget : LeftHandSideExpression

If LeftHandSideExpression is either an ObjectLiteral or an ArrayLiteral, the following Early Error rules are applied:

If LeftHandSideExpression is neither an ObjectLiteral nor an ArrayLiteral, the following Early Error rule is applied:

13.15.5.2 Runtime Semantics: DestructuringAssignmentEvaluation

The syntax-directed operation DestructuringAssignmentEvaluation takes argument value (an ECMAScript language value) and returns either a normal completion containing unused or an abrupt completion. It is defined piecewise over the following productions:

ObjectAssignmentPattern : { }
  1. Perform ? RequireObjectCoercible(value).
  2. Return unused.
 ObjectAssignmentPattern : { AssignmentPropertyList } { AssignmentPropertyList , }
  1. Perform ? RequireObjectCoercible(value).
  2. Perform ? PropertyDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentPropertyList with argument value.
  3. Return unused.
 ObjectAssignmentPattern : { AssignmentRestProperty }
  1. Perform ? RequireObjectCoercible(value).
  2. Let excludedNames be a new empty List.
  3. Return ? RestDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentRestProperty with arguments value and excludedNames.
 ObjectAssignmentPattern : { AssignmentPropertyList , AssignmentRestProperty }
  1. Perform ? RequireObjectCoercible(value).
  2. Let excludedNames be ? PropertyDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentPropertyList with argument value.
  3. Return ? RestDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentRestProperty with arguments value and excludedNames.
 ArrayAssignmentPattern : [ ]
  1. Let iteratorRecord be ? GetIterator(value, sync).
  2. Return ? IteratorClose(iteratorRecord, NormalCompletion(unused)).
 ArrayAssignmentPattern : [ Elision ]
  1. Let iteratorRecord be ? GetIterator(value, sync).
  2. Let result be Completion(IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of Elision with argument iteratorRecord).
  3. If iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is false, return ? IteratorClose(iteratorRecord, result).
  4. Return result.
 ArrayAssignmentPattern : [ Elisionopt AssignmentRestElement ]
  1. Let iteratorRecord be ? GetIterator(value, sync).
  2. If Elision is present, then
    1. Let status be Completion(IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of Elision with argument iteratorRecord).
    2. If status is an abrupt completion, then
      1. Assert: iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is true.
      2. Return ? status.
  3. Let result be Completion(IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentRestElement with argument iteratorRecord).
  4. If iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is false, return ? IteratorClose(iteratorRecord, result).
  5. Return result.
 ArrayAssignmentPattern : [ AssignmentElementList ]
  1. Let iteratorRecord be ? GetIterator(value, sync).
  2. Let result be Completion(IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentElementList with argument iteratorRecord).
  3. If iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is false, return ? IteratorClose(iteratorRecord, result).
  4. Return result.
 ArrayAssignmentPattern : [ AssignmentElementList , Elisionopt AssignmentRestElementopt ]
  1. Let iteratorRecord be ? GetIterator(value, sync).
  2. Let status be Completion(IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentElementList with argument iteratorRecord).
  3. If status is an abrupt completion, then
    1. If iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is false, return ? IteratorClose(iteratorRecord, status).
    2. Return ? status.
  4. If Elision is present, then
    1. Set status to Completion(IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of Elision with argument iteratorRecord).
    2. If status is an abrupt completion, then
      1. Assert: iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is true.
      2. Return ? status.
  5. If AssignmentRestElement is present, then
    1. Set status to Completion(IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentRestElement with argument iteratorRecord).
  6. If iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is false, return ? IteratorClose(iteratorRecord, status).
  7. Return ? status.

13.15.5.3 Runtime Semantics: PropertyDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation

The syntax-directed operation PropertyDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation takes argument value (an ECMAScript language value) and returns either a normal completion containing a List of property keys or an abrupt completion. It collects a list of all destructured property keys. It is defined piecewise over the following productions:

AssignmentPropertyList : AssignmentPropertyList , AssignmentProperty
  1. Let propertyNames be ? PropertyDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentPropertyList with argument value.
  2. Let nextNames be ? PropertyDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentProperty with argument value.
  3. Return the list-concatenation of propertyNames and nextNames.
 AssignmentProperty : IdentifierReference Initializeropt
  1. Let P be StringValue of IdentifierReference.
  2. Let lref be ? ResolveBinding(P).
  3. Let v be ? GetV(value, P).
  4. If Initializer is present and v is undefined, then
    1. If IsAnonymousFunctionDefinition(Initializer) is true, then
      1. Set v to ? NamedEvaluation of Initializer with argument P.
    2. Else,
      1. Let defaultValue be ? Evaluation of Initializer.
      2. Set v to ? GetValue(defaultValue).
  5. Perform ? PutValue(lref, v).
  6. Return « P ».
 AssignmentProperty : PropertyName : AssignmentElement
  1. Let name be ? Evaluation of PropertyName.
  2. Perform ? KeyedDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentElement with arguments value and name.
  3. Return « name ».

13.15.5.4 Runtime Semantics: RestDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation

The syntax-directed operation RestDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation takes arguments value (an ECMAScript language value) and excludedNames (a List of property keys) and returns either a normal completion containing unused or an abrupt completion. It is defined piecewise over the following productions:

AssignmentRestProperty : ... DestructuringAssignmentTarget
  1. Let lref be ? Evaluation of DestructuringAssignmentTarget.
  2. Let restObj be OrdinaryObjectCreate(%Object.prototype%).
  3. Perform ? CopyDataProperties(restObj, value, excludedNames).
  4. Return ? PutValue(lref, restObj).

13.15.5.5 Runtime Semantics: IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation

The syntax-directed operation IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation takes argument iteratorRecord (an Iterator Record) and returns either a normal completion containing unused or an abrupt completion. It is defined piecewise over the following productions:

AssignmentElementList : AssignmentElisionElement
  1. Return ? IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentElisionElement with argument iteratorRecord.
 AssignmentElementList : AssignmentElementList , AssignmentElisionElement
  1. Perform ? IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentElementList with argument iteratorRecord.
  2. Return ? IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentElisionElement with argument iteratorRecord.
 AssignmentElisionElement : AssignmentElement
  1. Return ? IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentElement with argument iteratorRecord.
 AssignmentElisionElement : Elision AssignmentElement
  1. Perform ? IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of Elision with argument iteratorRecord.
  2. Return ? IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of AssignmentElement with argument iteratorRecord.
 Elision : ,
  1. If iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is false, then
    1. Let next be Completion(IteratorStep(iteratorRecord)).
    2. If next is an abrupt completion, set iteratorRecord.[[Done]] to true.
    3. ReturnIfAbrupt(next).
    4. If next is false, set iteratorRecord.[[Done]] to true.
  2. Return unused.
 Elision : Elision ,
  1. Perform ? IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of Elision with argument iteratorRecord.
  2. If iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is false, then
    1. Let next be Completion(IteratorStep(iteratorRecord)).
    2. If next is an abrupt completion, set iteratorRecord.[[Done]] to true.
    3. ReturnIfAbrupt(next).
    4. If next is false, set iteratorRecord.[[Done]] to true.
  3. Return unused.
 AssignmentElement : DestructuringAssignmentTarget Initializeropt
  1. If DestructuringAssignmentTarget is neither an ObjectLiteral nor an ArrayLiteral, then
    1. Let lref be ? Evaluation of DestructuringAssignmentTarget.
  2. Let value be undefined.
  3. If iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is false, then
    1. Let next be ? IteratorStepValue(iteratorRecord).
    2. If next is not done, then
      1. Set value to next.
  4. If Initializer is present and value is undefined, then
    1. If IsAnonymousFunctionDefinition(Initializer) is true and IsIdentifierRef of DestructuringAssignmentTarget is true, then
      1. Let v be ? NamedEvaluation of Initializer with argument lref.[[ReferencedName]].
    2. Else,
      1. Let defaultValue be ? Evaluation of Initializer.
      2. Let v be ? GetValue(defaultValue).
  5. Else,
    1. Let v be value.
  6. If DestructuringAssignmentTarget is either an ObjectLiteral or an ArrayLiteral, then
    1. Let nestedAssignmentPattern be the AssignmentPattern that is covered by DestructuringAssignmentTarget.
    2. Return ? DestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of nestedAssignmentPattern with argument v.
  7. Return ? PutValue(lref, v).
 Note

Left to right evaluation order is maintained by evaluating a DestructuringAssignmentTarget that is not a destructuring pattern prior to accessing the iterator or evaluating the Initializer.

 AssignmentRestElement : ... DestructuringAssignmentTarget
  1. If DestructuringAssignmentTarget is neither an ObjectLiteral nor an ArrayLiteral, then
    1. Let lref be ? Evaluation of DestructuringAssignmentTarget.
  2. Let A be ! ArrayCreate(0).
  3. Let n be 0.
  4. Repeat, while iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is false,
    1. Let next be ? IteratorStepValue(iteratorRecord).
    2. If next is not done, then
      1. Perform ! CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A, ! ToString(𝔽(n)), next).
      2. Set n to n + 1.
  5. If DestructuringAssignmentTarget is neither an ObjectLiteral nor an ArrayLiteral, then
    1. Return ? PutValue(lref, A).
  6. Let nestedAssignmentPattern be the AssignmentPattern that is covered by DestructuringAssignmentTarget.
  7. Return ? DestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of nestedAssignmentPattern with argument A.

13.15.5.6 Runtime Semantics: KeyedDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation

The syntax-directed operation KeyedDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation takes arguments value (an ECMAScript language value) and propertyName (a property key) and returns either a normal completion containing unused or an abrupt completion. It is defined piecewise over the following productions:

AssignmentElement : DestructuringAssignmentTarget Initializeropt
  1. If DestructuringAssignmentTarget is neither an ObjectLiteral nor an ArrayLiteral, then
    1. Let lref be ? Evaluation of DestructuringAssignmentTarget.
  2. Let v be ? GetV(value, propertyName).
  3. If Initializer is present and v is undefined, then
    1. If IsAnonymousFunctionDefinition(Initializer) and IsIdentifierRef of DestructuringAssignmentTarget are both true, then
      1. Let rhsValue be ? NamedEvaluation of Initializer with argument lref.[[ReferencedName]].
    2. Else,
      1. Let defaultValue be ? Evaluation of Initializer.
      2. Let rhsValue be ? GetValue(defaultValue).
  4. Else,
    1. Let rhsValue be v.
  5. If DestructuringAssignmentTarget is either an ObjectLiteral or an ArrayLiteral, then
    1. Let assignmentPattern be the AssignmentPattern that is covered by DestructuringAssignmentTarget.
    2. Return ? DestructuringAssignmentEvaluation of assignmentPattern with argument rhsValue.
  6. Return ? PutValue(lref, rhsValue).